Education

• B.A. Psychology – Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, 1974
• M.A. Social Psychology – Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, 1979
• Ph.D. Social Psychology; Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, 1981 
• MPH University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, School of Public Health, Houston, Texas, 1983

Training and Experience

• 1974 – 1977- National Institute of Mental Health Traineeship, Wayne State University

• 1980 - Specialist in Aging Certificate, Institute of Gerontology, Wayne State University

• 1981 – 1983  - National Heart, Lung & Blood Institute Post-Doctoral Fellowship, University of Houston (Behavioral Medicine)

• 1983 - National Examination for Professional Practice in Psychology

• 1991 – 2005 - Research Committee, SouthEast Michigan Center for Medical Education (SEMCME) (formerly OHEP)

• 1997   - New Editors Workshop on Peer Review, International Congress on Biomedical Peer Review, Prague

• 1997 – 2003  Chair, WSU School of Medicine Faculty Senate Library Committee

• 1998 – 2003  DFM Evidence-based medicine faculty development seminar:  “Critical appraisal of the medical literature”

• 1999 – 2001  Chair-elect and Chair, WSU University Library Committee

• 2000, 2003, 2006  College Teaching Award, School of Medicine, Wayne State University

• 2002  Certificate in Writing/Editing Core Curriculum, American Medical Writers Association

• 2002  $10,000 Grant Proposal Incentive Award, Soy Health Research Program

• 2002– 2004  Member, Society of Teachers of Family Medicine (STFM) Research Committee

• 2002 – present  Course Co-Director and Instructor:  MBG 7090 Biomedical Communications course. 

• 2003  Short Course for Journal Editors, Council of Science Editors, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania

• 2003  Council of Science Editors Retreat “The Journal’s Role in Scientific Misconduct”, Lansdowne, Virginia

• 2006  American Society of Healthcare Publication Editors Bronze Award in the Editorial Division, Category:  Best Signed Editorial for:  Neale AV, Schwartz KL, Bowman MA. 
  Conflict of interest:  Can we minimize its influence in the biomedical literature? J Am Board Fam Pract, 2005; 18 (5): 411- 413. 

• 2006 – 2009    Admissions Committee for MPH degree program, Wayne State University

• 2006 – present Member, Curriculum Committee for MPH degree program, Wayne State University

• 2007 – 2008  Chair, Taskforce on MPH Research Project, Wayne State University

• 2007 – 2010  Member, Steering Committee, Agency for Health Research & Quality (AHRQ) Practice-based Research Network Resource Center

• 2008  Member, Research Integrity Hearing Panel of the WSU Office of the Vice President of Research

• 2008 – present  Member, MPH Faculty Development Committee

Editorial Positions

1997 – 2003 - Feature Editor, Letters to the Editor, Family Medicine

2003 – present - Deputy Editor, Journal of the American Board of Family Medicine

2006 – 2008  - Associate Editor, Family Practice: An International Journal

2009 – Editor-Elect,  Family Practice: An International Journal

2010 – present Editor, Family Practice: An International Journal

Recent Awards

• College Teaching Award, School of Medicine, 2000, 2003, 2006
• $10,000 Grant Proposal Incentive Award, Soy Health Research Program, 2002
• American Society of Healthcare Publication Editors Bronze Award in the Editorial Division, Category: Best Signed Editorial for: Neale AV, Schwartz KL, Bowman MA. Conflict of interest: Can we minimize its influence in the biomedical literature? J Am Board Fam Pract, 2005; 18 (5): 411- 413.

Selected Publications in Peer Reviewed Journals

Vernon SW, Tilley BC, Neale AV, Steinfeldt L.  Ethnicity, survival, and delay in seeking treatment for symptoms of breast cancer.  Cancer, 1985; 55 (7): 1563-1571.  {PMID: 3978551}

Neale AV, Tilley BC, Vernon SW.  Marital status, delay in seeking treatment and survival from breast cancer.  Social Science and Medicine, 1986; 23 (3): 305-312.  {PMID: 3764489}

Singleton SP, Neale AV, Hess JW, Dupuis MH.  Behavioral contracting in an urban health promotion project.  Evaluation and the Health Professions, 1987; 10 (4): 408-437.

Neale AV, Demers RY, Budev H, Scott RO.  Physician accuracy in diagnosing colorectal polyps.  Diseases of the Colon and Rectum, 1987; 30 (4): 247-250.  {PMID: 3829872}

Demers RY, Neale AV, Demers P, Deighton K, Scott RO, Dupuis MH, Herman SC.  Serum cholesterol and colorectal polyps.  Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 1988; 41 (1): 9-13.  {PMID: 3335874}

Singleton SP, Neale AV, Scott RO, Hess JW.  Cholesterol reduction among volunteers in a health promotion project.  American Journal of Health Promotion, 1988; 2 (4): 5-12.

Neale AV, Singleton SP, Dupuis MH, Hess JW.  Correlates of adherence to behavioral contracts for cholesterol reduction.  Journal of Nutrition Education, 1989; 21 (5): 221-225.

Neale AV, Demers RY, Herman, SC.  Compliance with colorectal cancer screening in a high risk occupational group.  Journal of Occupational Medicine, 1989; 31 (12): 1007-1012.  {PMID: 2614532}

Demers RY, Neale AV, Wenzloff NJ, Gronsman KJ, Jaber L.  Glycosylated hemoglobin levels and self-reported stress in adults with diabetes.  Behavioral Medicine, 1989; 15 (4): 167-172.  {PMID: 2597780}

Demers RY, Neale AV, Robins TG, Herman SC.  Asbestos-related pulmonary disease in boilermakers.  American Journal of Industrial Medicine, 1990; 17 (3): 327-339.  {PMID: 2305813}

Demers RY, Fischetti LR, Neale AV.  Incongruence between self-reported symptoms and objective evidence of respiratory disease among construction workers.  Social Science & Medicine, 1990; 30 (7): 805-810.  {PMID: 2315748}

Demers RY, Neale AV, Budev H, Schade WJ.  Pathologist agreement in the interpretation of colorectal polyps.  American Journal of Gastroenterology, 1990; 85 (4): 417-421.  {PMID: 2327385}

Neale AV, Singleton SP, Dupuis MH, Hess JW.  The use of behavioral contracting to increase exercise activity.  American Journal of Health Promotion, 1990; 4 (6): 441-447.

Demers RY, Neale AV, Adams RP, Trembath C, Herman SC.  The impact of physicians' brief smoking cessation counseling:  A MIRNET study.  Journal of Family Practice, 1990; 31 (6): 325-329.  {PMID: 2246637}

Neale AV.  Work stress in emergency medical technicians.  Journal of Occupational Medicine, 1991; 33 (9): 991-997.  {PMID: 1744749}

Neale AV, Hwalek MA, Scott RO, Sengstock MC, Stahl C.  Validation of the Hwalek-Sengstock Elder Abuse Screening Test.  Journal of Applied Gerontology, 1991; 10 (4): 406-418.

Neale AV.  Behavioural contracting as a tool to help patients achieve better health.  Family Practice, 1991; 8 (4): 336-342.  {PMID: 1800196}

Neale AV, Hodgkins BJ, Demers RY.  The home visit in resident education:  Evaluation and program description.  Family Medicine, 1992; 24 (1): 36-40.  {PMID: 1544530}

Neale AV, Demers RY, Zemel PC.  A practical guide for estimating dietary fat and fiber using limited food frequency data.  Evaluation and the Health Professions, 1992; 15 (3): 341-349.

Jaber LA, Lewis NJW, Slaughter RL, Neale AV.  The effect of stress on glycemic control in patients with type II diabetes during glyburide and glipizide therapy.  Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 1993; 33 (3): 239-245.  {PMID: 8463437}

Singleton SP, Fitzgerald JT, Neale AV.  Self-reported physical activity and treadmill test performance in healthy older blacks and whites.  Journal of Aging and Physical Activity, 1994; 2 (1): 14-24.

Ebell MH, Neale AV, Hodgkins BJ.  An expert system for the calculation of sample size.  Family Practice Research Journal, 1994; 14 (2): 183-195.  {PMID: 8053384}

Fitzgerald JT, Singleton SP, Neale AV.  Activity levels, fitness status, exercise knowledge, and exercise beliefs among healthy older African American and white women. 
Journal of Aging and Health, 1994; 6 (3):  296-313.

Neale AV.  Racial and marital status effects on mortality and survival 10 years after a breast cancer diagnosis.  Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 1994; 47 (5): 475-483.  {PMID: 7730873}

Neale AV, Demers RY.  Significance of the inability to reproduce pulmonary function test results.  Journal of Occupational Medicine, 1994; 36 (6): 660-666.  {PMID: 8071730}

Neale AV, Gallagher RE, Vélez, L.  Estimating cancer screening indicators in the primary care setting.  Evaluation & the Health Professions, 1995; 18 (2): 187-201.  {PMID: 10143011}

Schenk MJ, Popp SM, Neale AV, Demers RY.  Environmental medicine content in medical school curricula.  Academic Medicine, 1996; 71 (5): 499-501.  {PMID: 9114870}

Neale AV, Hwalek MA, Goodrich CS, Quinn KM.  The Illinois elder abuse system:  Program description and administrative findings.  The Gerontologist, 1996; 36 (4): 502-511.  {PMID: 8771978}

Hwalek MA, Neale AV, Goodrich CS, Quinn K.  The association of elder abuse and substance abuse in the Illinois elder abuse system.  The Gerontologist, 1996; 36 (5): 694-700.  {PMID: 8942114}

Grosch J, Neale AV, Demers RY.  Neurobehavioral and health-related deficits in solvent-exposed painters.  American Journal of Industrial Medicine, 1996; 30 (5):  623-632.  {PMID: 8909612}

Neale AV, Hwalek MA, Goodrich CS, Quinn KM.  Reason for case closure among substantiated cases of elder abuse.  Journal of Applied Gerontology, 1997; 16 (4):  442-458.

Roth LM, Werner PT, Neale AV.  Linking individual and organizational development through reflective faculty evaluation.  Family Medicine, 1997; 29 (4): 284.

Neale AV, West P, French L.  Surviving your resident research requirement.  JAMA; November 25, 1998; 280 (20): 1802.

Rose EA, Neale AV, Rather WA.  Teaching practice management during residency.  Family Medicine, 1999; 31 (2): 107-113.  {PMID: 9990500}

Hallak KM, Schenk M, Neale AV.  Evaluation of the two-step tuberculin skin test in health care workers at an inner-city medical center.  Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 1999; 41 (5):  393-396.  {PMID: 10337609}

Neale AV, Roth LM, Schwartz KL.  Faculty development using evidence-based medicine as an organizing curricular theme.  Academic Medicine; 1999, 74 (5): 611.

Juntunen A, Hwalek MA, Neale AV.  Tracking and interviewing clients at risk for HIV and substance abuse in a Latino community.  Evaluation and Program Planning, 1999; 22 (3): 305-312.

Neale AV, Demers RY, Severson RK.  Consistency of occupational exposure history from pattern and model makers.  Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 2000; 42 (1): 76-82.  {PMID: 10652692}

Neale AV, Pieper D, Hammel E.  A consortium-based research education program for residents.  Academic Medicine, 2000; 75 (3): 298-301.  {PMID: 10724323}

Neale AV, Gaspar DL, Metzger K.  Answering funding preferences for medical school graduates in underserved areas.  Family Medicine, 2000; 32 (7): 456-458.  {PMID: 10916712}

Rose EA, Porcerelli JH, Neale AV.  Pica:  Common, but commonly missed.  Journal of the American Board of Family Practice, 2000; 13 (5): 353-358.  {PMID: 11001006}

Neale AV.  A national survey of research requirements for family practice residents and faculty.  Family Medicine, 2002; 34 (4): 262-267.  {PMID: 12017140}

Schwartz KL, Northrup J, Israel N, Crowell K, Lauder N, Neale AV.  Use of on-line evidence-based resources at the point of care.  Family Medicine, 2003; 35 (4): 251-256.  {PMID: 12729308}

Neale AV, Schwartz KL, Schenk M, Roth LM.  Scholarly development of clinician faculty using evidence-based medicine as an organizing curricular theme.  Medical Teacher, 2003; 25 (4): 442-447.  {PMID: 12893559}

Dailey RK, Neale AV, Northrup J, West P, Schwartz KL.  Herbal product use and menopause symptom relief in primary care patients:  A MetroNet study.  Journal of Women’s Health, 2003; 12 (7): 633-641.  {PMID: 14583104}

Davis RM, Neale AV, Monsur JC.  Medical journals’ conflicts of interest in the publication of book reviews.  Science & Engineering Ethics, 2003, 9 (4): 471-483.  {PMID: 14652900}

Schwartz K, Monsur J, Northrup J, West P, Neale AV.  Pharyngitis clinical prediction rules:  Effect of interobserver agreement:  A MetroNet study.  Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 2004; 57 (2):  142-146.  {PMID: 15125623}

Xu J, Schwartz K, Monsur J, Northrup J, Neale AV.  Patient-clinician agreement on signs and symptoms of ‘strep throat’:  A MetroNet study.  Family Practice:  An International Journal, 2004; 21 (6):  599-604.  {PMID: 15528291}

Neale AV, Schwartz KL.  A primer of the HIPAA Privacy Rule for practice-based researchers.  Journal of the American Board of Family Practice, 2004; 17 (6): 461-465.  {PMID: 15575038}

Schwartz KL, Monsur JC, Bartoces MG, West PA, Neale AV.  Correlation of same-visit HbA1c test with laboratory-based measurements:  A MetroNet study.  BMC Family Practice, 2005; 6 (1): 28 (7 pages).  {PMID: 16014170}

Xu J, Bartoces M, Neale AV, Dailey R, Northrup J, Schwartz KL.  Natural history of menopausal symptoms in primary care patients:  A MetroNet study.  Journal of the American Board of Family Practice, 2005;18 (5): 374-382.  {PMID: 16148247}

Schwartz KL, Roe T, Northrup J, Meza J, Seifeldin R, Neale AV.  Family medicine patients’ use of the internet for health information:  A MetroNet study.  Journal of the American Board of Family Medicine, 2006 (1): 39-45.  {PMID: 16492004}

Schwartz KL, Neale AV, Northrup J, Monsur JM, Patel DA, Tobar R, Wortley P.  Racial similarities in response to standardized offer of influenza vaccination:  A MetroNet study.  Journal of General Internal Medicine, 2006; 21 (4): 346-351.  {PMID: 16686810}

Dailey R, Schwartz KL, Binienda J, Moorman J, Neale, AV.  Challenges in making therapeutic lifestyle changes among hypercholesterolemic African American patients and their physicians.  Journal of the National Medical Association, 2006; 98 (12):  1895-1903.  {PMID: 17225831}

Neale, AV, Northrup J, Dailey R, Marks E, Abrams J.  Correction and use of literature affected by scientific misconduct.  Science & Engineering Ethics, 2007; 13 (1): 5-24.  doi: 10.1007/s11948-006-0003-1.  {PMID: 17703606}

Roth LM, Neale AV, Kennedy K, DeHaven MJ.  Insights from practice-based researchers to develop family medicine faculty as scholars.  Family Medicine, 2007; 39 (7): 504-509.  {PMID: 17602326}

Staško J, Neale AV.  Health care access among over-the-road truckers.  WORK:  A Journal of Prevention, Assessment & Rehabilitation, 2007, 29 (3): 205-211. {PMID: 17942991}

Markova T, Dean F, Neale, AV.  Health care attitudes and behaviors of immigrant and U.S.-born women in Hamtramck, Michigan:  A MetroNet study”.  Ethnicity and Disease, 2007; 17 (autumn):  650-656.  {PMID: 18072374}

Kato I, Neale, AV.  Does use of alternative medicine delay treatment of head and neck cancer?:  A Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) cancer registry study.  Head and Neck. 2008 Apr; 30(4): 446-54.  {PMID: 18023030}

Young RL, Schwartz KL, Monsur JC, West P, Neale AV.  Primary care of overweight children:  The importance of parent weight and attitudes about overweight:  A MetroNet study.  Journal of the American Board of Family Medicine, 2008; 21 (4): 361-363.  {PMID: 18612065}

Dolor RJ, Smith PC, Neale AV.  Institutional review board training for community practices:  Advice from the Agency for Health Care Research and Quality practice-based research network listserv.  Journal of the American Board of Family Medicine, 2008, 21 (4): 345-352.  {PMID: 18612061}

Bartoces MG, Severson RK, Rusin BA, Schwartz KL, Ruterbusch JJ, Neale AV.  Quality of life and self-esteem of long-term survivors of invasive and noninvasive cervical cancer.  Journal of Women’s Health, 2009; 18(5): 655-661. {doi:10.1089/jwh.2008.0959;  PMID: 19405862}

Schwartz KL, Monsur J, Hammad A, Bartoces MG, Neale AV.  Comparison of point of care and laboratory HbA1c analysis:  A MetroNet study.  Journal of the America Board of Family Medicine, 2009; 22 (4): 461-463.  {doi: 10.3122/jabfm.2009.04.090057; PMID:  19587262}

Schwartz KL, Dailey R, Bartoces M, Binienda J, Archer C, Neale AV.  Predictors, barriers and facilitators of lipid-lowering medication use among African Americans in a primary care clinic.  Journal of the National Medical Association,2009; 101 (9): 944-952. {PMID: 19806853}

Neale, AV, Dailey RK, Abrams J.  Analysis of citations to biomedical articles affected by scientific misconduct.  Science & Engineering Ethics, 2009 Jul 14. [Epub ahead of print].  {doi: 10.1007/s11948-009-9151-4;  PMID: 19597966}

Booza JC, Bridge PD, Neale AV, Schenk M.  Incorporating geographic information dystems (GIS) into program evaluation: Lessons from an undergraduate medical education rural medicine initiative.  Journal of the America Board of Family Medicine, 2010; 23 (1): 59-66.  {doi: 10.3122/jabfm.2010.01.090167; PMID:  20051543}

Kopec MT, Randel J, Naz B, Bartoces M, Monsur J, Neale AV, Schwartz KL.  Using the Guidelines for Adolescent Preventive Services (GAPS) to estimate adolescent depressive symptoms in school-based health centers.  Family Medicine, 2010; 42 (3): 193-201.  {PMID: 20204895}

Grants and Contracts

07/83 – 06/86       
Hess JW (PI); AV Neale (Co-I and Project Director) 
“A Health Promotion Project Project Related to Urban Family Practice”
W.K. Kellogg Foundation
Total direct cost:  $631,487

09/86 – 08/89       
JW Hess; JJ Dallman (PI); AV Neale (Co-I)
“Department Development Grant”
US DHHS Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA),
D32-PE15008
Direct cost:  $360,261; Total cost: $389,081

06/89 – 01/90       
Neale AV (PI)
“Stress in Emergency Medical Technicians”
Local 547 of the International Union of Operating Engineers
Total direct cost:  $5,154

12/89 – 08/90       
Neale AV (PI)
“Analysis of Available Data to Study Substance Abuse Treatment Utilization and Recidivism Patterns Among General Motors Employees and Dependents”
General Motors Corporation
Total direct cost:  $16,973

1994                     
Neale AV (Co-I)
“Computer Upgrade for the Department of Family Medicine Research Activities”
WSU Supplemental Research Equipment Fund
Total direct cost:  $13,200.

02/94 – 12/95       
Neale AV (Co-I)
“The Relationship of Patient Compliance with Satisfaction Following an Initial Encounter”
American Academy of Family Physicians Foundation McNeil Award
Total direct cost:  $4,700

07/95 – 09/96       
M Baum (PI); Neale AV (Co-I)
“The Hazards of Tobacco:  A School-based Prevention Approach”
Michigan Department of Public Health
Total direct cost:  $250,000

10/96 – 09/97       
Gallagher RE (PI); Neale AV (Co-I)
“Prevalence of Tobacco Use among Detroit Students”
Michigan Department of Community Health
Total direct cost:  $295,990

10/97 – 09/98       
Gallagher RE (PI); Neale AV (Consultant)
“Michigan Cancer Control Initiative”
Michigan Department of Community Health
Total direct costs:  $240,000

2000 – 2001         
Schwartz KL (PI); Neale AV (Co-I)
“History and Physical Examination for the Diagnosis of Sore Throat”
Michigan Consortium for Family Practice Research
Total direct costs:  $1,995

07/00 – 06/01       
Neale AV (PI)
“Survey of Menopause Symptoms and Treatment Strategies in Primary Care”
American Academy of Family Physicians Foundation Research Stimulation Grant
Total direct costs:  $4,567

07/99 – 06/02       
Roth LM (PI); Neale AV (Co-I)
“The Champions Project:  A Two-tiered Mentoring Approach to Clinical Faculty Development”
US DHHS Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA),
D45-PE-50088
Direct cost:  $547,663; Total cost:  $591,476

09/99 – 08/02       
Schenk M (PI); Neale AV (Co-I)
“The PILOT Project:  Enhancing Practice-based Research in Family Medicine”
US DHHS Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA),
D32-PE-10239
Direct cost:  $490,000; Total cost: $529,200

10/00 – 07/03       
Neale AV (PI)
“Adaptation and Quality of Life among Long-term Cervical Cancer Survivors”
National Cancer Institute N01-PC-65064
Direct cost:  $135,755; Total costs:  $190,057

3/02 – 12/03         
Neale AV (Co-PI) (with Flora Dean)
“Health Care Assessment of Immigrant Women (Newcomers) in an Urban Primary Care Clinic”
Michigan Consortium of Family Practice Research, #46
Total direct cost:  $3,040

04/02 – 03/04       
Schwartz KL (PI); Neale AV (Co-I)
“Factors Contributing to the Underutilization of Lipid Lowering Drugs in an Urban Family Practice Setting.”
Blue Cross Blue Shield of Michigan Foundation 249.RFP.ATS
Total direct cost:  $193,220

09/02 – 08/05       
Schenk M (PI); AV Neale (Co-I)
“Building MetroNet:  an Urban Primary Care Research Network” 
US DHHS Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA),
D12-HP-00175
Direct cost:  $540,000; Total cost: $583,200

09/03 – 08/05       
Schwartz KL (PI); Neale AV (Co-I)
“Reducing Disparities in Influenza Vaccination Acceptance.” 
US PHS Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
Direct cost:  $99,294; Total cost:  $149,934

09/02 – 09/05       
Neale AV (PI)
“MetroNet Communication and Data Management Infrastructure"
US DHHS PHS Agency for Health Research & Quality
R21 HS13585
Direct cost:  $67,001; Total cost:  $99,831

09/03 – 09/06       
Kato I (PI); Neale AV (Co-I)
“Does Use of Alternative Medicine Delay Treatment of Head and Neck Cancer
US NIH National Cancer Institute
Direct cost:  $157,261; Total cost:  $228,028

09/02 – 08/06       
Neale AV (PI)
“Correcting the Literature after Scientific Misconduct”
US DHHS PHS Office of Research Integrity,
R01 NS044487
Direct cost:  $200,000; Total cost:  $298,000

08/05 – 02/09       
Schenk M (PI); AV Neale
“Building a Clinical Encounter Communication Research Program to Reduce Health Disparities”
DHHS HRSA Bureau of Health Professions
Direct cost:  $832,733; Total cost:  $899,351

9/2006 – 8/2009   
AV Neale (PI)
“Research Culture of Practice-based Research Networks”
US DHHS PHS Agency for Health Research & Quality
R01 HS016713
Direct cost: $300,000; Total cost: $445,083

9/2008 – 5/2009   
Disis ML (PI); Neale AV (Co-I)
“Partnership-driven Resources to Improve and Enhance Research (PRIMER).”
Administrative Supplement for CTSA Consortium Project (UL1RR025014),
U.S. National Center for Research Resources
Direct cost:  $196,657; Total cost:  $200,000

09/2009 – 08/2011      AV Neale (PI)
“Recruitment and Retention Best Practices in Primary Care Settings”
NIH National Center on Minority Health and Health Disparities,  
RC1 MD004692  
Direct cost:  $777,420; Total Cost:  $1,000,000

2003 – present      
AV Neale (Deputy Editor) JABFM Editorial Office Management
American Board of Family Medicine
2003 contract:  $19,000
2004 contract:  $66,020
2005 contract:  $91,500
2006 contract:  $93,500
2007 contract:  $127,394
2008 contract:  $115,908
2009 contract:  $128,052
2010 contract:  $129,861

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2002 Copyright Wayne State University Board of Governors