e-mail- mg@tree.roc.wayne.edu

Education:
B.S., 1948 in Zoology, University of Wisconsin
M.S.,1949 in Zoology, Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin
Ph.D., 1951 in Zoology, Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin

Training:
Postdoctoral Fellow, NIH. California Institute of Technology, 1951-1952.

Professional and Faculty Appointments:

1947-1951	University of Wisconsin, Research Assistant. Research in systematic serology and immunology. Teaching Assistant in serology course.
1951-1952	California Institute of Technology. Postdoctoral Fellow, NIH.
1952-1954	University of Illinois College of Medicine, Department of Pathology. Research Associate.
1953-1954	Also Research Associate in Department of Biological Chemistry of the University of Illinois College of Medicine
1958-1966	Research Associate Professor of the School of Medicine, Wayne State University.
Nov. 1966	Professor, Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Wayne State University.
1970-1978	Cooperating Faculty, Department of Anthropology, Wayne State University
Jan. 1981	Adjunct Professor, Department of Anthropology, Wayne Starte University
1981-1988	Adjunct Professor, Department of Biology, Wayne State University
1986-1994	Professor, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics (joint appointment with Anatomy and Cell Biology).
Oct. 1994	Joint faculty member of the Center of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University

Major Research Interests:
Molecular phylogenetics and evolution of humans and other primates. Evolution of the genetic program for developmental switching of b- type globin genes.

Current Research:
With each present-day genome containing a range of DNA sequences from rapidly to extremely slowly evolving, it becomes possible to delineate the true genealogical relationships that exist among living species at all levels of the taxonomic hierarchy from the most recently separated to the most anciently separated. Considerable progress has been made in delineating these relationships for humankind's own species Homo sapiens. Indeed DNA results obtained so far provide a radically different view of where to place Homo sapiens in the formal taxonomic classification of primates. The traditional anthropological view with its anthropocentric bias emphasizes how very different humans are from all other forms of life. This traditional view favors a wide taxonomic separation of humans from the living apes, placing humans and apes in different families. In contrast, the view from molecular genetics studies emphasizes how much humans hold in common with other forms of life, especially with chimpanzees. The molecular evidence, such as that gathered in my laboratory on the B-globin gene cluster of all groups of primates, shows that humans, chimpanzees, and gorillas are the sole living members of a close knit genealogical group and that within this group chimpanzees and humans are most closely related with more than 98.3% identity in typical nuclear noncoding DNA sequences and more than 99.5% identity in the active coding sequences of functional genes. The molecular genetic view, free of anthropocentric bias, places all the living apes (gibbons, orangutans, gorillas and chimpanzees) with humans in the same family and within that family barely separates chimpanzees from humans, the two as sister subgenera grouping together in the same genus.

Phylogenetic analysis of the b-globin gene cluster sequences being gathered in my laboratory, along with knowledge of the developmental expression patterns of the genes in the cluster, allow us to infer that the early primitive primates had an embryonically expressed and fetally repressed g-globin gene that later was recruited in the stem-simians ancestral to anthropoid primates to be a fetally expressed gene. Thus this analysis casts new light on the evolution of the genetic program that humans and other simians primates have for developmental switches in the expression patterns of hemoglobins genes. In our analysis of the comparative sequence data, we use a procedure called phylogenetic footprinting to identify anciently conserved cis-sequence elements with regulatory functions. We also use the procedure called differential phylogenetic footprinting to identify cis-mutations associated with new patterns of developmental expression of genes in the evolutionary history of organisms.

Recent papers:

1.	Goodman, L.I., Schmidt, T.R., Wildman, D.E., and Goodman, M. Molecular evolution of aerobic energy metabolism in primates. Mol. Phylogenet. & Evol. 18:26-36,2001. Medline
2.	Wheeler, D., Hope, R., Cooper, S.J.B., Dolman, G., Webb, G., Gooley, A.A., Goodman, M., and Holland, R.A.B. An orphaned mammalian b-globin gene of ancient evolutionary origin. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 98:1101-1106.2001. Medline
3.	Schmidt, T.R., Wu, W., Goodman, M., and Grossman, L.I. Evolution of nuclear and mitochondrial encoded subunit interaction in cytochrome c oxidase. Mol. Biol. Evol. 18:563-569, 2001. Medline
4.	Yu, T., Thomas, D., Zhu, W., Goodman, M., and Gumucio, D.L. Regulation of fetal vs. embryonic gamma globin genes: appropriate developmental stage expression patterns in the presence of HS2 of the Locus Control Region. Blood 99:182-184, 2002. Medline
5.	Schmidt, T.R., Goodman, M., and Grossman, L.I. Amino acid replacement is rapid in primates for the mature polypeptides of COX subunits, but not for their targeting presequences. Gene 286;13-19, 2002. Medline
6.	Wildman, D.E., Wu, W., Goodman, M., and Grossman, L.I. Episodic positive selection in ape cytochrome c oxidase subunit IV (Letter to the Editor). Mol. Biol. Evol. 19:1812-1815, 2002. Medline
7.	Johnson, R.M., Gumucio, D., and Goodman, M. Globin Gene Switching in Primates. Comp. Biochem. Physiol.133:877-883, 2002 Medline
8.	Wildman, D.E., Uddin, M., Liu G., Grossman, L.I. and Goodman, M. Implications of natural selection in shaping 99.4% nonsynonymous DNA identity between humans and chimpanzees: implications: enlarging genus Homo. (inaugural paper on election to the NAS.) PNAS 100:7181-7188, 2003. Medline
9.	Goldberg, A., Wildman, D.E., Schmidt, T.R., Goodman, M., Weiss, M.L., and Grossman, L.I. Adaptive evolution of cytochrome c oxidase subunit VIII in anthropoid primates. PNAS 100:5873-5878, 2003. Medline
10.	Schmidt, T.R., Doan, J.W., Goodman, M., and Grossman, L.I. Retention of a duplicate gene through changes in subcellular targeting: an electron transport protein homolog localizes to the Golgi. JME 57:222-228, 2003. Medline

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